OPAL (Oxford Phrasal Academic Lexicon)
The essential vocabulary for academic writing and speaking.
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English
OPAL spoken words
Sublist 1
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- a (little) bit more about
- a (whole) range of
- a (whole) series of
- a better understanding of
- a bit like
- a certain amount of
- a change in
- a combination of
- a function of
- a group of
- a high degree of
- a high level of
- a kind of
- a large number of
- a little bit (of)
- a little bit about
- a measure of
- a number of
- a number of different
- a sense of
- a series of
- a small number of
- a sort of
- a variety of
- a very important
- a way of
- a/the reduction in
- a/the type of
- ability noun
- abnormal adjective
- abnormality noun
- above adjective
- above adverb
- absence noun
- absent adjective
- absolute adjective
- academic adjective
- academic noun
- accept verb
- acceptable adjective
- acceptance noun
- access noun
- access verb
- accessible adjective
- according to
- according to preposition
- accordingly adverb
- account noun
- account verb
- accountability noun
- accumulate verb
- accumulation noun
- accuracy noun
- accurate adjective
- accurately adverb
- achieve verb
- achievement noun
- acknowledge verb
- acquire verb
- acquisition noun
- act noun
- act verb
- action noun
- active adjective
- actively adverb
- activity noun
- actual adjective
- actually adverb
- adapt verb
- adaptation noun
- adaptive adjective
- add verb
- addition noun
- additional adjective
- additionally adverb
- address verb
- adequate adjective
- adequately adverb
- adjust verb
- adjustment noun
- administer verb
- administration noun
- administrative adjective
- adopt verb
- adult adjective
- adult noun
- advantage noun
- affect verb
- again adverb
- age noun
- agenda noun
- agent noun
- agreement noun
- agricultural adjective
- aim noun
- aim verb
- all kinds of
- all right
- all right so
- all sorts
- all sorts of
- allow verb
- almost adverb
- already adverb
- also adverb
- alter verb
- alteration noun
- alternative adjective
- alternative noun
- alternatively adverb
- although conjunction
- among preposition
- amount noun
- amount verb
- an awful lot of
- an example of
- an idea of
- an impact on
- an important role in
- an important role to play in
- an integral part of
- an understanding of
- an/the increase in
- analyse verb
- analysis noun
- analyst noun
- analytical adjective
- and all the rest of it
- and so on
- and so on (and so forth)
- and things like that
- (and) you can see that
- animal noun
- annual adjective
- answer noun
- answer verb
- anxiety noun
- apparent adjective
- appear verb
- appears to be
- applicable adjective
- application noun
- apply verb
- approach noun
- appropriate adjective
- appropriately adverb
- approximately adverb
- approximation noun
- are based on
- Are there any questions?
- (are) less likely to
- area noun
- arguably adverb
- argue verb
- argue(s) that
- argument noun
- arise verb
- arrangement noun
- article noun
- as a result (of)
- as a whole
- as follows
- as I said
- as I say
- as in
- as in the case of
- as it were
- as opposed to
- as part of
- as shown in
- as to
- as we have seen
- as we shall see
- as well
- as well as
- as you can see
- as you know
- (as) a consequence of
- (as) a form of
- (as) a means of
- (as) a source of
- (as) a way of
- (as/is) a function of
- aspect noun
- aspect(s) of
- assert verb
- assertion noun
- assess verb
- assessment noun
- assign verb
- associate verb
- associated adjective
- association noun
- association between
- assume verb
- assume that
- assumption noun
- at that point
- at the beginning of
- at the beginning/start (of)
- at the bottom of
- at the end (of)
- at the expense of
- at the heart of
- at the level of
- at the same time
- at the top of
- at this point
- at this stage
- attack noun
- attack verb
- attempt noun
- attempt verb
- attention noun
- attitude noun
- attribute noun
- attribute verb
- author noun
- authority noun
- availability noun
- available adjective
- average adjective
- average noun
- average verb
- avoid verb
- aware adjective
- awareness noun
- back to that
- background noun
- balance noun
- balance verb
- barrier noun
- base noun
- base verb
- based adjective
- based on the assumption that
- basic adjective
- basically adverb
- basis noun
- basis for
- be expected to
- be looking at
- (be) due to the fact that
- (be) regarded as
- (be/is) due to
- because conjunction
- because of
- become verb
- been talking about
- begin verb
- beginning noun
- behave verb
- behaviour noun
- belief noun
- below adverb
- below preposition
- beneficial adjective
- beneficiary noun
- benefit noun
- benefit verb
- between preposition
- beyond adverb
- beyond preposition
- beyond the scope of (this book/article/chapter)
- bias noun
- bias verb
- body noun
- briefly adverb
- broad adjective
- broadly adverb
- burden noun
- but in fact
- by a factor of
- by means of
- by the end of
- by the way
- (by/from) the fact that
- (by/with) the use of
- call verb
- can modal verb
- can be applied to
- can be described/explained in terms of
- can be found in
- can be seen (as/in)
- can be used to
- (can) be thought of as
- can/may lead to
- capability noun
- capable adjective
- capacity noun
- care noun
- case noun
- categorize verb
- category noun
- causal adjective
- causation noun
- cause noun
- cause verb
- caused by
- central adjective
- centralize verb
- centre noun
- centre verb
- century noun
- certain adjective
- certainty noun
- chain noun
- challenge noun
- challenge verb
- change noun
- change verb
- channel noun
- character noun
- characteristic adjective
- characteristic noun
- characteristics of
- characterization noun
- characterize verb
- characterized by
- choice noun
- choose verb
- circumstance noun
- cite verb
- claim noun
- claim verb
- claim that
- class noun
- classic adjective
- classic noun
- classical adjective
- classification noun
- classify verb
- clear adjective
- clearly adverb
- climate noun
- closely adverb
- code noun
- code verb
- column noun
- combination noun
- combine verb
- come back to (that)
- commercial adjective
- commit verb
- commitment noun
- common adjective
- commonly adverb
- communicate verb
- communication noun
- community noun
- comparable adjective
- comparative adjective
- compare verb
- compared with/to
- comparison noun
- compete verb
- competition noun
- completely adverb
- complex adjective
- complex noun
- complexity noun
- component noun
- composition noun
- comprehensive adjective
- comprise verb
- conceive verb
- concentrate verb
- concept noun
- conception noun
- conceptual adjective
- conceptualize verb
- concern noun
- concern verb
- concerned with
- conclude verb
- conclusion noun
- condition noun
- conditional adjective
- conduct noun
- conduct verb
- confirm verb
- conflict noun
- conflict verb
- connect verb
- connection noun
- consensus noun
- consent noun
- consequence noun
- consequently adverb
- conservation noun
- conservative adjective
- conserve verb
- consider verb
- considerable adjective
- considerably adverb
- consideration noun
- considered to be
- consist verb
- consistency noun
- consistent adjective
- consistent with
- consistently adverb
- constant adjective
- constant noun
- constitute verb
- constrain verb
- constraint noun
- construct noun
- construct verb
- construction noun
- constructive adjective
- consume verb
- consumption noun
- contact noun
- contain verb
- contemporary adjective
- contemporary noun
- content noun
- context noun
- continuity noun
- continuous adjective
- contrast noun
- contrast verb
- contribute verb
- contribution noun
- control noun
- control verb
- convention noun
- conventional adjective
- conversion noun
- convert verb
- cooperation noun
- cooperative adjective
- coordinate noun
- coordinate verb
- coordination noun
- core noun
- correct adjective
- correction noun
- correctly adverb
- correlate verb
- correlation noun
- correspond verb
- corresponding adjective
- corresponding to
- country noun
- course noun
- coverage noun
- create verb
- creation noun
- creative adjective
- criterion noun
- critical adjective
- critically adverb
- criticize verb
- crucial adjective
- cultural adjective
- culturally adverb
- culture noun
- cumulative adjective
- current adjective
- current noun
- currently adverb
- cycle noun
- data noun
- data on
- deal verb
- debate noun
- decade noun
- decision noun
- decline noun
- decline verb
- decrease noun
- decrease verb
- define verb
- definition noun
- degree noun
- demand noun
- demonstrate verb
- denote verb
- department noun
- depend verb
- depend(s) on
- dependence noun
- dependent adjective
- dependent on
- derive verb
- derived from
- describe verb
- description noun
- descriptive adjective
- design noun
- design verb
- desirable adjective
- desire noun
- desire verb
- destroy verb
- detail noun
- detailed adjective
- determinant noun
- determination noun
- determine verb
- determined by
- develop verb
- developed adjective
- development noun
- deviation noun
- device noun
- diagram noun
- differ verb
- difference noun
- difference(s) in
- different adjective
- different from
- different types of
- differentiate verb
- differentiation noun
- differently adverb
- difficult adjective
- difficulty noun
- digital adjective
- dimension noun
- direct adjective
- direct verb
- direction noun
- directly adverb
- disadvantage noun
- disadvantage verb
- discipline noun
- discover verb
- discrimination noun
- discuss verb
- discussion noun
- distance noun
- distinct adjective
- distinction noun
- distinctive adjective
- distinguish verb
- distribute verb
- distribution noun
- diverse adjective
- diversity noun
- divide verb
- division noun
- document noun
- document verb
- does not appear to be
- domain noun
- dominance noun
- dominant adjective
- dominate verb
- donor noun
- draw verb
- due adjective
- duration noun
- during preposition
- duty noun
- dynamic adjective
- dynamic noun
- early adjective
- easily adverb
- ecological adjective
- economic adjective
- economically adverb
- education noun
- educational adjective
- effect noun
- effective adjective
- effectively adverb
- effectiveness noun
- efficacy noun
- efficiency noun
- efficient adjective
- efficiently adverb
- effort noun
- element noun
- elements of
- elevate verb
- eliminate verb
- elsewhere adverb
- emerge verb
- emergence noun
- emotional adjective
- emphasis noun
- emphasize verb
- empirical adjective
- empirically adverb
- employ verb
- empower verb
- enable verb
- encode verb
- encounter noun
- encounter verb
- encourage verb
- end noun
- end verb
- energy noun
- engage verb
- enhance verb
- ensure verb
- enter verb
- entirely adverb
- entity noun
- entry noun
- environment noun
- environmental adjective
- equal adjective
- equal noun
- equal verb
- equally adverb
- equivalence noun
- equivalent adjective
- equivalent noun
- error noun
- especially adverb
- essence noun
- essential adjective
- essentially adverb
- establish verb
- establishment noun
- estimate noun
- estimate verb
- estimation noun
- et al
- et cetera (et cetera)
- ethic noun
- ethical adjective
- ethnic adjective
- ethnicity noun
- evaluate verb
- evaluation noun
- (even) in the absence of (any)
- event noun
- evidence noun
- evidence of/that/for
- evident adjective
- evolution noun
- evolutionary adjective
- evolve verb
- exactly adverb
- exam noun
- examination noun
- examine verb
- example noun
- exceed verb
- exception noun
- excess noun
- excessive adjective
- exchange noun
- exclude verb
- exclusion noun
- exclusive adjective
- exclusively adverb
- exemplify verb
- exercise noun
- exercise verb
- exist verb
- existence noun
- expand verb
- expansion noun
- expect verb
- expectation noun
- experience noun
- experience verb
- experiment noun
- experimental adjective
- expert adjective
- expert noun
- expertise noun
- explain verb
- explanation noun
- explanatory adjective
- explicit adjective
- explicitly adverb
- exploit verb
- exploitation noun
- exploration noun
- explore verb
- expose verb
- express verb
- expression noun
- extend verb
- extension noun
- extensive adjective
- extent noun
- external adjective
- extreme adjective
- extreme noun
- extremely adverb
- facilitate verb
- facility noun
- fact noun
- factor noun
- fail verb
- failure noun
- fairly adverb
- familiar adjective
- famous adjective
- favour verb
- favourable adjective
- feature noun
- feature verb
- feature(s) of
- federal adjective
- female adjective
- female noun
- field noun
- final adjective
- finally adverb
- financial adjective
- find verb
- finding noun
- first of all
- flexibility noun
- flexible adjective
- flow noun
- flow verb
- focus noun
- focus verb
- focus on
- following adjective
- following preposition
- for a long time
- for a number of reasons
- for example
- for instance
- for the moment
- for the purpose(s) of
- for those of you
- force noun
- force verb
- foreign adjective
- form noun
- form verb
- formal adjective
- formation noun
- formula noun
- formulate verb
- formulation noun
- found that
- framework noun
- free adjective
- frequent adjective
- frequently adverb
- from the perspective of
- from the point of view of
- fully adverb
- function noun
- function verb
- functional adjective
- fund noun
- fund verb
- fundamental adjective
- fundamentally adverb
- funding noun
- further adjective
- furthermore adverb
- future adjective
- future noun
- gain noun
- gain verb
- gap noun
- gender noun
- general adjective
- general noun
- generalization noun
- generalize verb
- generally adverb
- generate verb
- generation noun
- geographical adjective
- give rise to
- given adjective
- global adjective
- go back to (that)
- go on to
- goal noun
- going to be talking about
- going to give you an example
- going to go into
- going to go through
- going to look at
- going to say
- going to show you
- going to talk about
- (going to) come to
- govern verb
- government noun
- governmental adjective
- greater than
- group noun
- group verb
- grow verb
- growth noun
- guess noun
- guess verb
- guidance noun
- handout noun
- happen verb
- harm noun
- harmful adjective
- has/have been shown to (be)
- has/have the potential to
- have a significant impact on
- have shown that
- have to look at
- he or she
- held that
- hence adverb
- here adverb
- here we have
- hierarchical adjective
- hierarchy noun
- high adjective
- high levels of
- higher than
- highlight verb
- highly adverb
- his or her
- historically adverb
- history noun
- hopefully adverb
- horizontal adjective
- however adverb
- huge adjective
- human adjective
- human noun
- hypothesis noun
- hypothesize verb
- hypothetical adjective
- I (just) want to
- I suppose
- I think (that)
- I want to talk about/look at/say
- I was going to/we are going to
- I was talking about
- I would like to
- I would say
- idea noun
- ideal adjective
- ideal noun
- ideally adverb
- identical adjective
- identification noun
- identify verb
- identity noun
- if and only if
- if you like
- if you remember
- if you think about (it)
- if you think about it
- if you/we look at
- illustrate verb
- image noun
- immediate adjective
- impact noun
- impact verb
- implement verb
- implementation noun
- implicit adjective
- implicitly adverb
- imply verb
- importance noun
- important adjective
- importantly adverb
- impose verb
- improve verb
- improvement noun
- in a minute
- in a moment
- in a number of ways
- in a sense
- in a variety of ways
- in a way
- in a way that
- in accordance with
- in addition
- in contrast
- in contrast to
- in fact
- in front of you
- in general
- in much the same way (as)
- in order to
- in other words
- in part
- in particular
- in question
- in recent years
- in relation to
- in respect of
- in response to
- in so far as
- in some cases
- in some way
- in some ways
- in spite of the fact that
- in such a way
- in such a way (that)
- in terms of
- in the area of
- in the case of
- in the course of
- in the event of
- in the field of
- in the first place
- in the form of
- in the future
- in the light of
- in the literature
- in the next section
- in the past
- in the presence of
- in the previous section
- in the process of
- in the range of
- in the same way
- in the same way (as/that)
- in the sense (that)
- in the sense that/of
- in the study
- in the study of
- in the way that
- in this case
- in this chapter
- in this course
- in this study
- in this way
- in this/that case
- in this/that way
- in turn
- (in) a (wide) variety of
- (in) a/the (wide) range of
- (in) the context of
- (in) the development of
- in/within the context of
- inability noun
- inadequate adjective
- inappropriate adjective
- include verb
- including preposition
- inclusion noun
- inconsistent adjective
- incorporate verb
- increase noun
- increase verb
- increase in the number of
- increasingly adverb
- indeed adverb
- independence noun
- independent adjective
- independently adverb
- index noun
- indicate verb
- indicate(s) that
- indication noun
- indicator noun
- indirect adjective
- indirectly adverb
- individual adjective
- individual noun
- individually adverb
- induce verb
- induction noun
- inequality noun
- infer verb
- inference noun
- influence noun
- influence verb
- inform verb
- information noun
- informed adjective
- inherent adjective
- initial adjective
- initially adverb
- initiate verb
- initiation noun
- initiative noun
- input noun
- insight noun
- instability noun
- instance noun
- instruction noun
- instrument noun
- insufficient adjective
- integral adjective
- integrate verb
- integrated adjective
- integration noun
- intend verb
- intensity noun
- intensive adjective
- intention noun
- interact verb
- interaction noun
- interactive adjective
- interest noun
- interested adjective
- interested in
- interesting adjective
- intermediate adjective
- internal adjective
- international adjective
- interpret verb
- interpretation noun
- interval noun
- intervene verb
- intervention noun
- interview noun
- interview verb
- interviewee noun
- interviewer noun
- intrinsic adjective
- introduce verb
- introduction noun
- invent verb
- investigate verb
- investigation noun
- investigator noun
- involve verb
- involved adjective
- involved in
- involvement noun
- irrelevant adjective
- is a good example of
- is a measure of
- is a/the result of
- is based on
- is consistent with
- is defined as
- is equal to
- is important to
- is not the same (thing) as
- is related to
- is the most common cause of
- (is) (often) referred to as
- (is) an example of
- is/are likely to
- is/are likely to be
- is/are shown in
- (is/are/be) associated with
- is/are/were more likely to (be)
- isolated adjective
- isolation noun
- issue noun
- it can be seen that
- it can be shown that
- it could/can be argued that
- it has been argued that
- it has been shown that
- it has been suggested that
- it is (not) possible to/that
- it is clear that
- it is difficult to
- it is difficult to see (how)
- it is easy to see that
- it is fair to say that
- it is for this reason that
- it is important (to)
- it is important to note that
- it is important to realize that
- it is important to recognize/be aware of/bear in mind
- it is important to remember that
- it is important to understand
- it is impossible to
- it is interesting to note that
- it is likely that
- it is necessary to
- it is not clear
- it is not surprising that
- it is reasonable to assume that
- it is useful to
- it is worth noting that
- it may be
- it may be possible to
- it seems to me (that)
- it should be noted that
- item noun
- journal noun
- judgement noun
- just going to
- (just) to remind you
- justification noun
- justify verb
- key adjective
- key noun
- kind noun
- kinds of
- knowledge noun
- label noun
- label verb
- lack noun
- lack verb
- language noun
- large adjective
- largely adverb
- later adjective
- later adverb
- later on
- latter noun
- law noun
- lead verb
- lead(s) to
- leader noun
- leadership noun
- learn verb
- learning noun
- lecture noun
- lecturer noun
- legal adjective
- legally adverb
- less adverb
- less determiner
- less pronoun
- less than
- let me just
- level noun
- lies at the heart of
- like this
- likely adjective
- likely adverb
- limit noun
- limit verb
- limitation noun
- limited adjective
- line noun
- link noun
- link verb
- linked to
- list noun
- list verb
- literature noun
- local adjective
- localized adjective
- locally adverb
- located adjective
- location noun
- logic noun
- logical adjective
- look verb
- look at this
- loss noun
- (lots and) lots of
- low adjective
- lower adjective
- lower than
- main adjective
- maintain verb
- major adjective
- majority noun
- male adjective
- male noun
- many adjective
- many determiner
- many pronoun
- many of you
- margin noun
- material adjective
- material noun
- matter noun
- maximize verb
- maximum adjective
- maximum noun
- may modal verb
- may be due to
- may or may not
- may well be
- meaning noun
- meaningful adjective
- means noun
- measure noun
- measure verb
- mechanism noun
- media noun
- mediate verb
- medical adjective
- medium noun
- member noun
- memory noun
- men and women
- mental adjective
- mention verb
- method noun
- methodological adjective
- methodology noun
- middle noun
- might modal verb
- migrate verb
- migration noun
- minimal adjective
- minimize verb
- minimum adjective
- minimum noun
- minor adjective
- minority noun
- mix verb
- mobile adjective
- mobility noun
- mobilize verb
- mode noun
- model noun
- model verb
- modelling noun
- modern adjective
- modernity noun
- modernization noun
- modify verb
- module noun
- moment noun
- monitor verb
- more and more
- more likely to
- more or less
- more than
- moreover adverb
- most determiner
- most of you
- motivate verb
- motivation noun
- move verb
- move on to
- movement noun
- multiple adjective
- must modal verb
- namely adverb
- national adjective
- national noun
- natural adjective
- naturally adverb
- nature noun
- necessarily adverb
- necessary adjective
- necessity noun
- need noun
- need verb
- negative adjective
- negative noun
- negatively adverb
- net adjective
- network noun
- neutral adjective
- nevertheless adverb
- new adjective
- norm noun
- normal adjective
- normally adverb
- not necessarily
- (not only) but also
- note noun
- note verb
- nothing to do with
- notion noun
- novel adjective
- number noun
- object noun
- objective adjective
- objective noun
- observation noun
- observe verb
- observed in
- observer noun
- obtain verb
- obvious adjective
- obviously adverb
- occupation noun
- occupy verb
- occur verb
- occurrence noun
- of course
- of some kind
- of the total
- of this chapter
- of this study
- offer verb
- often adverb
- OK adjective
- OK adverb
- OK exclamation
- OK now
- OK so
- on the basis of
- on the basis of/that
- on the board
- on the one hand
- on the other hand
- on the part of
- on the whole
- on the/your handout
- one of the key
- one of the most
- one of the reasons
- one of the things
- (one of) the most important
- one or more of
- ongoing adjective
- online adjective
- operate verb
- operation noun
- operational adjective
- opportunity noun
- optimal adjective
- option noun
- or something like that
- or whatever
- order noun
- order verb
- ordinary adjective
- organization noun
- organize verb
- orient verb
- orientation noun
- origin noun
- original adjective
- originally adverb
- originate verb
- other adjective
- otherwise adverb
- our understanding of
- outcome noun
- outline verb
- output noun
- over time
- (over) a period of time
- overall adjective
- overall adverb
- overlap noun
- overlap verb
- overview noun
- parallel adjective
- parallel noun
- part noun
- partial adjective
- partially adverb
- participant noun
- participate verb
- participation noun
- particular adjective
- particular noun
- particularly adverb
- partly adverb
- pattern noun
- per preposition
- per cent adjective
- per cent noun
- perceive verb
- percentage noun
- perception noun
- perfectly adverb
- perform verb
- performance noun
- perhaps adverb
- period noun
- period of time
- permit verb
- personal adjective
- perspective noun
- phase noun
- phenomenon noun
- physical adjective
- picture noun
- play a key role in
- play a role in
- play(s) an important role (in)
- point noun
- point verb
- policy noun
- popular adjective
- population noun
- pose verb
- position noun
- position verb
- positive adjective
- positive noun
- positively adverb
- possibility noun
- possible adjective
- potential adjective
- potential noun
- potentially adverb
- poverty noun
- power noun
- powerful adjective
- practical adjective
- practical noun
- practice noun
- practitioner noun
- precede verb
- precise adjective
- precisely adverb
- precision noun
- predict verb
- prediction noun
- predominantly adverb
- prefer verb
- preference noun
- presence noun
- present adjective
- present noun
- present verb
- presentation noun
- pressure noun
- prevent verb
- prevention noun
- previous adjective
- previously adverb
- primarily adverb
- primary adjective
- principle noun
- prior adjective
- prior to
- priority noun
- private adjective
- probability noun
- problem noun
- problematic adjective
- procedural adjective
- procedure noun
- process noun
- process verb
- produce noun
- produce verb
- product noun
- production noun
- productive adjective
- professional adjective
- professional noun
- profile noun
- programme noun
- progress noun
- progression noun
- progressive adjective
- project noun
- project verb
- projection noun
- promote verb
- promotion noun
- proportion noun
- proportional adjective
- proposal noun
- propose verb
- proposition noun
- protect verb
- protection noun
- protocol noun
- provide verb
- psychological adjective
- public adjective
- public noun
- publish verb
- pure adjective
- purpose noun
- qualitative adjective
- quality noun
- quantify verb
- quantitative adjective
- quantity noun
- question noun
- question verb
- quickly adverb
- (quite) a lot (of)
- quote noun
- quote verb
- race noun
- random adjective
- randomize verb
- randomly adverb
- range noun
- range verb
- rapid adjective
- rapidly adverb
- rate noun
- rate verb
- rather adverb
- rather than
- rating noun
- ratio noun
- rational adjective
- rationale noun
- rationality noun
- reach verb
- react verb
- reaction noun
- read verb
- readily adverb
- reading noun
- real adjective
- reality noun
- reason noun
- reasonable adjective
- reasonably adverb
- reasoning noun
- reasons for
- recent adjective
- recently adverb
- recognition noun
- recognize verb
- recommend verb
- reconstruct verb
- reconstruction noun
- record noun
- record verb
- recording noun
- recovery noun
- reduce verb
- reduction noun
- reduction in the number of
- refer verb
- refer(s) to
- reference noun
- reflect verb
- reflection noun
- regard noun
- regard verb
- regardless of preposition
- regime noun
- region noun
- regional adjective
- regulation noun
- reinforce verb
- reject verb
- rejection noun
- relate verb
- related adjective
- related to
- relating to
- relation noun
- relationship noun
- relative adjective
- relative noun
- relative to
- relatively adverb
- release noun
- relevance noun
- relevant adjective
- relevant to
- reliability noun
- reliable adjective
- reliance noun
- rely verb
- removal noun
- remove verb
- replace verb
- replacement noun
- report noun
- report verb
- reporting noun
- represent verb
- representation noun
- representative adjective
- representative noun
- require verb
- requirement noun
- research noun
- research verb
- research on
- researcher noun
- resident noun
- resistance noun
- resistant adjective
- resolution noun
- resolve verb
- resource noun
- respect noun
- respectively adverb
- respond verb
- response noun
- responsibility noun
- responsible adjective
- responsible for
- restrict verb
- restriction noun
- restrictive adjective
- result noun
- result verb
- result(s) in
- reveal verb
- review noun
- right noun
- right so
- rise noun
- risk noun
- role noun
- root noun
- roughly adverb
- rule noun
- rural adjective
- safety noun
- same adjective
- same pronoun
- sample noun
- sample verb
- sampling noun
- satisfaction noun
- satisfy verb
- scale noun
- scale verb
- scenario noun
- scheme noun
- science noun
- scientific adjective
- scope noun
- second adverb
- secondary adjective
- secondly adverb
- section noun
- sector noun
- security noun
- see also
- seek verb
- seems to be
- segment noun
- select verb
- selection noun
- selective adjective
- seminar noun
- sense noun
- sensitive adjective
- sensory adjective
- separate adjective
- separate verb
- separately adverb
- separation noun
- sequence noun
- series noun
- service noun
- session noun
- set noun
- set verb
- sex noun
- sexual adjective
- sexuality noun
- shape noun
- shape verb
- share noun
- share verb
- sheet noun
- shift noun
- shift verb
- should modal verb
- show verb
- show(s) that
- sign noun
- sign verb
- significance noun
- significant adjective
- significantly adverb
- similar adjective
- similar to (that of)
- similarity noun
- similarly adverb
- simple adjective
- simplify verb
- simply adverb
- simultaneous adjective
- simultaneously adverb
- single adjective
- site noun
- situation noun
- size noun
- skill noun
- slide noun
- slightly adverb
- small adjective
- so conjunction
- so as to
- so that
- so we have
- so you can see
- so you get
- (so) for example
- (so) in other words
- so-called adjective
- social adjective
- socially adverb
- societal adjective
- society noun
- software noun
- solution noun
- solve verb
- some kind of
- some sort of
- somehow adverb
- something like
- something to do with
- sometimes adverb
- sort noun
- sort verb
- source noun
- space noun
- spatial adjective
- specialist noun
- specialized adjective
- specific adjective
- specifically adverb
- specification noun
- specify verb
- sphere noun
- split verb
- spread noun
- spread verb
- stability noun
- stabilize verb
- stable adjective
- stage noun
- standard adjective
- standard noun
- state noun
- state verb
- statement noun
- statistic noun
- statistical adjective
- statistically adverb
- status noun
- stimulate verb
- stimulation noun
- stock noun
- store verb
- story noun
- straightforward adjective
- strategy noun
- strength noun
- strengthen verb
- stress noun
- stress verb
- strongly adverb
- structural adjective
- structure noun
- structure verb
- student noun
- study noun
- study verb
- style noun
- subject adjective
- subject noun
- subject verb
- subject to
- subjective adjective
- subsequent adjective
- substance noun
- substantial adjective
- substantially adverb
- substantive adjective
- substitute verb
- substitution noun
- successful adjective
- successfully adverb
- such determiner
- such pronoun
- such as
- such that
- sufficient adjective
- sufficiently adverb
- suggest verb
- suitable adjective
- sum noun
- sum verb
- summarize verb
- summary noun
- supply noun
- supply verb
- support noun
- support verb
- support for
- suppose verb
- survey noun
- survival noun
- sustain verb
- symbol noun
- system noun
- systematic adjective
- systematically adverb
- talk noun
- talk verb
- target noun
- target verb
- task noun
- teach verb
- teacher noun
- technical adjective
- technique noun
- technological adjective
- technology noun
- tend verb
- tend to
- tend to be
- tend(s) to be
- tendency noun
- tension noun
- term noun
- term verb
- terminology noun
- terms noun
- territory noun
- test noun
- test verb
- text noun
- textbook noun
- that is to say
- the ability to/of
- the above
- the advantages and disadvantages of
- the aim/purpose of this study/chapter/article
- the amount of
- the analysis of
- the application of
- the assumption that
- the availability of
- the basis of
- the benefits of
- the cause(s) of
- the concept of
- the consequences of
- the content of
- the corresponding
- the creation of
- the definition of
- the degree of
- the degree to which
- the development of
- the difference between
- the distribution of
- the effect(s) of
- the effectiveness of
- the emergence of
- the evolution of
- the existence of
- the extent of
- the extent to which
- the fact that
- the first thing (that)
- the following
- the form of
- the formation of
- the former
- the frequency of
- the growth of
- the idea is that
- the idea of
- the idea that
- the impact of
- the implementation of
- the importance of
- the influence of
- the introduction of
- the issue of
- the kinds of
- the latter
- the level of
- the likelihood of
- the majority of
- the manner in which
- the meaning of
- the most common
- the most important
- the nature of
- the need for/to
- the notion of
- the number of
- the other end of the spectrum
- the other way round
- the percentage of
- the performance of
- the point is that
- the possibility of
- the potential for
- the presence or absence of
- the prevalence of
- the principle of
- the probability of
- the problem of
- the problem with
- the process of
- the purposes of
- the quality of
- the question is
- the question of
- the question of (whether or not)
- the rate of
- the rate of (change)
- the ratio of
- the reason for
- the reason for this is that
- the reason why
- the relationship between
- the rise of
- the risk of
- the role of
- the same sort of
- the same thing
- the significance of
- the size of
- the sort of thing
- the sorts of
- the state of
- the study of
- the total number of
- the type of
- the value(s) of
- the vast majority of
- the view that
- the way that
- the way(s) in which
- the whole of
- the work of
- (the) way(s) in which
- the/a lack of
- the/a number of
- the/a proportion of
- the/an effect(s) on
- theme noun
- theoretical adjective
- theoretically adverb
- theory noun
- there are a number of
- there is a need for/to
- there is no doubt that
- there is no reason to
- thereby adverb
- therefore adverb
- these sorts of
- thing noun
- this does not mean that
- this idea of
- this is (not) the case
- this is not the case
- this means that
- (this) is not to say/suggest that
- this/that kind of (thing)
- this/that sort of (thing)
- thought noun
- threat noun
- threshold noun
- throughout adverb
- throughout preposition
- thus adverb
- title noun
- to a greater or lesser extent
- to account for
- to be aware of
- to bear in mind
- to deal with
- to do with
- to ensure that
- to find out
- to see how
- to show you
- to some extent
- to suggest that
- to take account of
- to the extent that
- to think about
- to work out
- (to) note that
- (to) take into account
- (to/should/need to) be taken into account
- together adverb
- tool noun
- topic noun
- total adjective
- total noun
- trace noun
- traditional adjective
- traditionally adverb
- training noun
- transfer noun
- transfer verb
- transform verb
- transformation noun
- transition noun
- transmission noun
- transmit verb
- transport noun
- transport verb
- transportation noun
- treat verb
- treatment noun
- trend noun
- true adjective
- trust noun
- trust verb
- try verb
- tutor noun
- type noun
- types of
- typical adjective
- typically adverb
- ultimate adjective
- ultimately adverb
- uncertainty noun
- unclear adjective
- undergo verb
- underlying adjective
- understand verb
- understanding noun
- undertake verb
- undertaking noun
- unique adjective
- unit noun
- universal adjective
- university noun
- unlikely adjective
- unrelated adjective
- unstable adjective
- upper adjective
- urban adjective
- usage noun
- use noun
- use verb
- used adjective
- useful adjective
- utility noun
- utilization noun
- utilize verb
- valid adjective
- validate verb
- validation noun
- validity noun
- valuable adjective
- value noun
- value verb
- variable adjective
- variable noun
- variance noun
- variation noun
- variation in
- varied adjective
- variety noun
- various adjective
- vary verb
- version noun
- versus preposition
- vertical adjective
- very adverb
- via preposition
- view noun
- view verb
- viewer noun
- violence noun
- visible adjective
- visual adjective
- volume noun
- voluntary adjective
- (was/have been) found to be
- way noun
- we can see
- we know that
- we looked at
- we talk about
- we talked about
- we were talking about
- we/you need to know
- wealth noun
- website noun
- weight noun
- welfare noun
- What do you think…?
- What does that mean?
- what happens if
- what happens to
- what I mean
- what I mean by
- what I want to do
- whatever determiner
- whatever pronoun
- when it comes to
- when we/you look at
- whereas conjunction
- whether conjunction
- whether or not
- while at the same time
- whole adjective
- whole noun
- Why do you think…?
- wide adjective
- widely adverb
- widespread adjective
- will be discussed in more detail
- with regard to
- with respect to
- with the exception of
- within preposition
- word noun
- working adjective
- working noun
- world noun
- write verb
- yield noun
- yield verb
- you can imagine
- you can look at
- you can see here
- you find that
- you might say
- you might want to (look at)
- you will find
- you will see
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